Presenting Author: Tejas Subramanian, BE – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Myles R J Allen, MBChB – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Pratyush Shahi, MBBS, MS(Ortho), AO Spine Diploma – Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata (INK)

Co-Author: Todd J. Albert, MD – Weill Cornell Medical College

Co-Author: Kasra Araghi, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tomoyuki Asada, MD PhD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: James Dowdell, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sravisht Iyer, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Kyle Morse, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sheeraz Qureshi, MD, MBA – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Harvinder Sandhu, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Evan Sheha, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Nishtha Singh, MBBS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sumedha Singh, MBBS, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Olivia Tuma, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Presenting Author: James Caruso, MD (he/him/his) – UT southwestern Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Co-Author: Ahmad K. Almekkawi, MD – Saint Luke's Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute

Co-Author: Bruno Braga, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Rafael de Oliveira Sillero, M.D. – University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Eric Montgomery – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Angela Price, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Fred Sklar, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Dale Swift, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: brett Whittemore, MD – University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Presenting Author: Samer G. Zammar, MD, MBA, MPH (he/him/his) – University of California San Francisco

Co-Author: Nima Alan, MD – University of San Fransisco

Co-Author: Vardhaan S. Ambati, MS – University of California San Francisco

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Arati Patel, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Jonathan R. Slotkin, MD – Geisinger Health

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Co-Author: Timothy J. Yee, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Presenting Author: Justin K. Zhang, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – University of Utah

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Andrew Dailey, MD – University of Utah Health

Co-Author: Jacob Greenberg, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Saad Javeed, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Muhammad Irfan Kaleem, MBBS – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Wilson Z. Ray, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Brandon A. Sherrod, MD – University of Utah

Presenting Author: Rushikesh S. Joshi, MD – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Victor Chang, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Jacob R. Joseph, MD – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Osama Kashlan, MD, FAANS – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Joseph Linzey, MD, MSc – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Tarek R. Mansour, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Whitney E. Muhlestein, MD – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Yamaan Saadeh, M.D. – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan

Co-Author: Michael Strong, MD, PhD, MSc – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Nicholas Szerlip, MD – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Edvin Telemi, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Ayobami L. Ward, MD, Sc.M. – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan

Co-Author: Mark Zaki, MD, MBA – University of Michigan

Presenting Author: Youssef M. Khalafallah, MD (he/him/his) – Baylor College of Medicine

Co-Author: Abdullah Ghali, MD – Baylor College of Medicine

Co-Author: Farhan Ahmad, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Christopher Chaput, MD – UT Health San Antonio

Co-Author: Rishi Gonuguntla, BA – UT Health San Antonio

Co-Author: Adham M. Khalafallah, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami

Co-Author: Travis Kotzur, BS – UT Health San Antonio

Co-Author: David Momtaz, BS, MPH – UT Health San Antonio

Co-Author: Sarah Nagel, MD – UNC Orthopedics

Co-Author: Gautham Prabhakar, MD – UT Health San Antonio

Presenting Author: David Sing, MD – San Diego Spine Foundation

Co-Author: Behrooz Akbarnia, MD – San Diego Spine Foundation

Co-Author: Robert K. Eastlack, MD – Scripps Clinic

Co-Author: Hani Malone, MD – Scripps

Co-Author: Gregory M. Mundis, Jr., MD (he/him/his) – San Diego Spine

Co-Author: Cameron Shirazi, MD – San Diego Spine Foundation

Presenting Author: Steve Cho, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Nathaniel Ashby, BS – Creighton University

Co-Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Katriel Lee, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Luke Mugge, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Laura Snyder, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Chad Simon, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tomoyuki Asada, MD PhD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Myles R J Allen, MBChB – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Kasra Araghi, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: James Dowdell, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sravisht Iyer, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Ashley Yeo Eun Kim, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Maximilian Korsun, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Cole Kwas, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Amy Lu, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Eric Mai, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sheeraz Qureshi, MD, MBA – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Nishtha Singh, MBBS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tejas Subramanian, BE – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Olivia Tuma, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Joshua Zhang, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Presenting Author: Tarek R. Mansour, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Muwaffak Abdulhak, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Seamus Bartlett, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Ryan Berger, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Anisse N. Chaker, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Victor Chang, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Mokbel Chedid, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Richard Easton, MD – Beaumont Hospital

Co-Author: Travis Hamilton, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Jad Khalil, MD – Beaumont Hospital

Co-Author: Hangil Lee, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: David Nerenz, PhD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Mick J. Perez-Cruet, Vice-Chairman, Professor, Director Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Spine Program – Department of Neurological Surgery Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine

Co-Author: Lonni Schultz, PhD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Jason M. Schwalb, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Kevin Taliaferro, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Edvin Telemi, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Heegook Yeo, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Presenting Author: Steven Girdler, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: James Bernatz, MD – University of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Bradford Currier, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Brett Freedman, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Co-Author: Brian Goh, MD, PhD – Emory University

Co-Author: Mohammed Karim, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Hannah A. Levy, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Matt Lindsey, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Caden Messer, BS – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Anthony L. Mikula, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Ahmad N. Nassr, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Co-Author: Andrew Pumford, n/a – Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine

Co-Author: Peter Rose, MD – Mayo Clinic Rochester

Co-Author: Arjun S. Sebastian, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Presenting Author: Syed I. Khalid, MD – University of Illinois at Chicago

Co-Author: Owoicho Adogwa, MD, MPH – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine

Co-Author: Elie Massaad, MD MSc – Massachusetts General Hospital

Co-Author: Pranav Mirpuri, BS (he/him/his) – Chicago Medical School

Co-Author: John H. Shin, MD – Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School

Presenting Author: Nicholas M. Rabah, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Laura Snyder, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Alexander Dru, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Nima Alan, MD – University of San Fransisco

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Anthony M. DiGiorgio, DO, MHA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Sarah E. Johnson, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Joseph Linzey, MD, MSc – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Jonathan R. Slotkin, MD – Geisinger Health

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Daniel Lilly, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic

Co-Author: Ghaith Habboub, MD – Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health

Co-Author: Seth M. Meade, BSE (he/him/his) – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Co-Author: Thomas Mroz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health

Co-Author: Arpan A. Patel, MD – Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health

Co-Author: Michael Shost – Case Western Reserve University

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Presenting Author: Alexander J. Schupper, MD – Mount Sinai Health System

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Hannah A. Levy, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: James Bernatz, MD – University of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Brian Goh, MD, PhD – Emory University

Co-Author: Abdelrahman M. Hamouda, MBBCh – Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Adam Magera, BA – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Arjun S. Sebastian, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Presenting Author: S. Harrison Farber, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Christopher M. Holland, MD, PhD (he/him/his) – Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates

Co-Author: Matthew McGirt, M.D. – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina

Co-Author: Deborah Pfortmiller, PhD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Michael Spertus, MD – Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System

Co-Author: Gerry Stanley, MD – Harvard Medtech

Co-Author: Nicholas Theodore, MD, MS (he/him/his) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Scott L. Zuckerman, MD, MPH (he/him/his) – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Presenting Author: James Dragonette, MD – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Ammar Alsalahi, MD – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Peter Bono, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Daniel Carr, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Clifford Houseman, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Jacob Jasinski, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Prashant Kelkar, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Heather Lucke, MS – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Boyd Richards, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Teck Soo, MD – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Doris Tong, MD – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Presenting Author: Joseph Linzey, MD, MSc – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Alexander Dru, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Nima Alan, MD – University of San Fransisco

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Anthony M. DiGiorgio, DO, MHA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Sarah E. Johnson, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Jonathan R. Slotkin, MD – Geisinger Health

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Christine Park, MD – University of Washington

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Deb A. Bhowmick, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Hospital

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Syed I. Khalid, MD – University of Illinois at Chicago

Co-Author: Owoicho Adogwa, MD, MPH – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine

Co-Author: Patrick J. King, BS (he/him/his) – Chicago Medical School

Co-Author: Pranav Mirpuri, BS (he/him/his) – Chicago Medical School

Presenting Author: Joseph DiDomenico, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: S. Harrison Farber, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Jakub Godzik, MD, MS (he/him/his) – University of Alabama at Birmingham

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Sarah E. Johnson, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Jonathan R. Slotkin, MD – Geisinger Health

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Tejas Subramanian, BE – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Myles R J Allen, MBChB – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Pratyush Shahi, MBBS, MS(Ortho), AO Spine Diploma – Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata (INK)

Co-Author: Todd J. Albert, MD – Weill Cornell Medical College

Co-Author: Kasra Araghi, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: James Dowdell, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sravisht Iyer, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Ashley Yeo Eun Kim, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Omri Maayan, BS (he/him/his) – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Kyle Morse, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sheeraz Qureshi, MD, MBA – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Harvinder Sandhu, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Nishtha Singh, MBBS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sumedha Singh, MBBS, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Junho Song, MD – Mount Sinai Hospital

Presenting Author: Saad Javeed, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Braeden C. Benedict, MS (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Kathleen Botterbush – St.Louis University

Co-Author: Jacob Buchowski, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: Madelyn Frumkin, MA – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Zoher Ghogawala, MD (he/him/his) – Lahey Hospital and Medical Center

Co-Author: Burel Goodin, PhD – Washington University

Co-Author: Matthew Goodwin, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University

Co-Author: Jacob Greenberg, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Munish Gupta, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: Daniel M. Hafez, MD, PhD – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Michael P. Kelly, MD – Rady Children's Hospital

Co-Author: Chenyang Lu, PhD – Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Co-Author: Camilo A. Molina, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University

Co-Author: Brian Neuman, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: John Ogunlade, DO – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nicholas Pallotta, MD, MS – Washington University

Co-Author: Brenton Pennicooke, MD, MS – Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Jay Piccirillo, MD – Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Co-Author: Wilson Z. Ray, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Thomas Rodebaugh, PhD – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Co-Author: Ziqi Xu, BS – Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis,

Co-Author: Jingwen Zhang, MS – Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis,

Co-Author: Justin K. Zhang, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – University of Utah

Presenting Author: Syed I. Khalid, MD – University of Illinois at Chicago

Co-Author: Elie Massaad, MD MSc – Massachusetts General Hospital

Co-Author: John H. Shin, MD – Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School

Presenting Author: Mert Karabacak, MD (he/him/his) – Mount Sinai Health System

Co-Author: Abhiraj D. Bhimani, MD – Mount Sinai Health System

Co-Author: Matthew T. Carr, MD (he/him/his) – Mount Sinai Health System

Co-Author: Konstantinos Margetis, MD, PhD – Mount Sinai Health System

Co-Author: Alexander J. Schupper, MD – Mount Sinai Health System

Co-Author: Jeremy Steinberger, MD – Mount Sinai Health System

Presenting Author: Armaan K. Malhotra, MD (he/him/his) – University of Toronto

Co-Author: Aileen Davis, PhD – Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation

Co-Author: Nicolas Dea, MD, MSc – Vancouver General Hospital

Co-Author: Erin Harrington, BSc – Research Assistant

Co-Author: Yingshi He – Division of Neurosurgery, Unity Health

Co-Author: CSORN Investigators, MD – Canadian Spine Outcomes Research Network

Co-Author: Husain Shakil, MD, MSc (he/him/his) – University of Toronto

Co-Author: Jefferson Wilson, MD, PhD – University of Toronto

Co-Author: Christopher Witiw, MD, MS, FRCSC – University of Toronto

Co-Author: Mary Zhu, MD – Division of Neurosurgery, Unity Health

Presenting Author: Hani Chanbour, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN

Co-Author: Amir Abtahi, MD – Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medi

Co-Author: Kristin Archer, PhD, DPT – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Jeffrey W. Chen, PGY1 – Baylor college of medicine

Co-Author: Andrew J. croft, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Claudia Davidson, MS – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Raymond Gardocki, MD – Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medi

Co-Author: jacquelyn Pennings, PhD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Byron Stephens, MD – Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Wilson Vaughan, BA – Tulane University, School of Medicine

Co-Author: Scott L. Zuckerman, MD, MPH (he/him/his) – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Tariq Z. Issa, BA – Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Co-Author: Jose Canseco, MD, PhD – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University

Co-Author: Alan S. Hilibrand, MD – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Christopher Kepler, MD, MBA – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Gregory Schroeder, MD – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Omar Tarawneh, BS – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Alexander Vaccaro, MD, PhD, MBA – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University

Presenting Author: Arpan A. Patel, MD – Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health

Co-Author: Ghaith Habboub, MD – Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health

Co-Author: Brittany Lapin, PhD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute

Co-Author: Seth M. Meade, BSE (he/him/his) – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Co-Author: Thomas Mroz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health

Co-Author: Michael Shost – Case Western Reserve University

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Presenting Author: Connor D. Berlin, MD – University of Virginia Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Sufyan Ibrahim, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Co-Author: Chun-Po Yen, n/a – University of Virginia

Presenting Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Devender Singh, PhD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Ashley Duncan, RN – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Matthew Geck, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Cortney Matthews, BS – Dell Medical School at University of Texas at Austin Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: John Stokes, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Eeric Truumees, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Presenting Author: Arati Patel, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Sravani Kondapavulur, MD, PhD – University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Ali Bydon, MD – Johns Hopkins University

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Mohamed Macki, MD, MPH – Cleveland Clinic

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Michael Shost – Case Western Reserve University

Co-Author: Jeffrey Coombs, MD – University of Rochester

Co-Author: Christian Hecht, BS – Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nicholas M. Rabah, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Presenting Author: Adewale A. Bakare, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Shahjehan Ahmad, MD – Indiana Spine Group

Co-Author: Harel Deutsch, MD (he/him/his) – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Christopher Dewald, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Richard G. Fessler, MD, PhD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Ricardo B.V Fontes, MD, PhD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Bradley Kolb, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: John Paul G. Kolcun, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Jacob Mazza, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Neal Mehta, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: John E. O'Toole, MD, MS – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Jesus Varela-Hernandez, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Eunice Yang, BS (she/her/hers) – Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University

Co-Author: Nitin Agarwal, MD (he/him/his) – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Jian Guan, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Giorgos D. Michalopoulos, MD (he/him/his) – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Jonathan R. Slotkin, MD – Geisinger Health

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Adewale A. Bakare, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Anthony Alvarado, MD – University of Kansas

Co-Author: Vicente Coelho, MD (he/him/his) – Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

Co-Author: Harel Deutsch, MD (he/him/his) – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Richard G. Fessler, MD, PhD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Ricardo B.V Fontes, MD, PhD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: Jacob Mazza, MD – Rush University Medical Center

Co-Author: John E. O'Toole, MD, MS – Rush University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Thomas C. Schuler, MD – Virginia Spine Institute

Co-Author: Lindsay D. Orosz, n/a – National Spine Health Foundation

Co-Author: Brandon J. Allen, BA – National Spine Health Foundation

Co-Author: Christopher Good, MD – Virginia Spine Institute

Co-Author: Colin M. Haines, MD – Virginia Spine Institute

Co-Author: Ehsan Jazini, MD – Virginia Spine Institute

Co-Author: Wondwossen T. Lerebo, PhD – National Spine Health Foundation

Co-Author: Rita T. Roy, MD – National Spine Health Foundation

Co-Author: Kirsten A. Schuler, BS – National Spine Health Foundation

Co-Author: Tarek Yamout, MD – Virginia Spine Institute

Presenting Author: Jonathan J. Lee, MD (he/him/his) – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: joseph Abattematteo, MD, PharmD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Nafis B. Eghrari, n/a – Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Katriel Lee, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Luke K. O'Neill, BS – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Gabriella Paisan Paisan Williams, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Presenting Author: Mohamed AR Soliman, MD, MSc, PhD – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Alexander Aguirre – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Justin Im, BS – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Asham Khan, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Cathleen C. Kuo, BS – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Jeffrey Mullin, MD – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: John Pollina, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Esteban Quiceno Restrepo, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Presenting Author: Jacob Greenberg, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Braeden C. Benedict, MS (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Kathleen Botterbush – St.Louis University

Co-Author: Jacob Buchowski, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: Madelyn Frumkin, MA – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Zoher Ghogawala, MD (he/him/his) – Lahey Hospital and Medical Center

Co-Author: Burel Goodin, PhD – Washington University

Co-Author: Munish Gupta, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: Daniel M. Hafez, MD, PhD – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Saad Javeed, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Michael P. Kelly, MD – Rady Children's Hospital

Co-Author: Chenyang Lu, PhD – Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Co-Author: Camilo A. Molina, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University

Co-Author: Brian Neuman, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: John Ogunlade, DO – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nicholas Pallotta, MD, MS – Washington University

Co-Author: Brenton Pennicooke, MD, MS – Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Jay Piccirillo, MD – Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Co-Author: Wilson Z. Ray, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Thomas Rodebaugh, PhD – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Co-Author: Ziqi Xu, BS – Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis,

Co-Author: Salim Yakdan, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Jingwen Zhang, MS – Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis,

Co-Author: Justin K. Zhang, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – University of Utah

Presenting Author: Michael D. White, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Steve Chang, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: S. Harrison Farber, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Udaya K. Kakarla, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Mark Pacult, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Corey T. Walker, MD (he/him/his) – Cedars Sinai

Co-Author: James Zhou – California Northstate University

Presenting Author: Michael G. Fehlings, MD, PhD – University of Toronto

Co-Author: CSM-Protect Investigators

Presenting Author: Ammad A. Baig, MD – Department Neurosurgery/General Surgery. University at Buffalo

Co-Author: Alexander Aguirre – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Asham Khan, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Cathleen C. Kuo, BS – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Jaims Lim, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Jeffrey Mullin, MD – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: John Pollina, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Esteban Quiceno Restrepo, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Mohamed AR Soliman, MD, MSc, PhD – University of Buffalo

Presenting Author: Sufyan Ibrahim, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Sarah E. Johnson, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Submitter: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Jason Zook, MD (he/him/his) – UNC Health

Co-Author: David Bomback, MD – Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Specialists

Co-Author: Betsy Grunch, MD, FAANS, FACS – Longstreet Clinic

Co-Author: Paul Kraemer, MD – Indiana Spine Group

Co-Author: Michael Musacchio, MD – North Shore University Health System

Co-Author: Pierce D. Nunley, MD – Louisiana Spine Institute

Co-Author: Marcus Stone, PhD – Spine Institute of Louisiana

Co-Author: K. Brandon Strenge, MD – Orthopedic Institute of Western Kentucky

Presenting Author: Sufyan Ibrahim, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Karim R. Nathani, MBBS – Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Asimina Dominari, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Brett Freedman, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Presenting Author: J. Alex Thomas, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Luciene Andrade, MD – Instituto Hermes Pardini

Co-Author: Mark Freeborn, MD – Evergreen Health

Co-Author: Gabriel Lacerda, MD – Columna Insitute

Co-Author: Cristiano Menezes, MD, PhD – Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG); Columna Insitute

Co-Author: Marlus Salomão, MD – Columna Insitute

Presenting Author: Khadija Soufi – University of California, Davis

Co-Author: Patricia Balatbat, BS – University of California, Davis

Co-Author: Allan Martin, MD, PhD, FRCSC – University of California Davis School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Surya Gangavarapu, MD – Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Hani Chanbour, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN

Co-Author: Amir Abtahi, MD – Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medi

Co-Author: Gabriel Bendfeldt, BS – Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Richard Berkman, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Silky Chotai, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Raymond Gardocki, MD – Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medi

Co-Author: Jacob Schwarz, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Byron Stephens, MD – Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Co-Author: amanda Wright, PA-C – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Scott L. Zuckerman, MD, MPH (he/him/his) – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Ken Porche, MD – University of Utah

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Anthony M. DiGiorgio, DO, MHA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Brandon A. Sherrod, MD – University of Utah

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: James Caruso, MD (he/him/his) – UT southwestern Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Co-Author: Ahmad K. Almekkawi, MD – Saint Luke's Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute

Co-Author: Mazin Al Tamimi, MD – UT Southwestern

Co-Author: Salah G. Aoun, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Faraaz A. Azam, BS (he/him/his) – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Carlos A. Bagley, M.D MBA – Saint Luke's Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute

Co-Author: Benjamin Rail, BS – UTSW

Presenting Author: Esteban Quiceno Restrepo, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Cathleen C. Kuo, BS – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Alexander Aguirre – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Asham Khan, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Jeffrey Mullin, MD – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: John Pollina, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Nicco Ruggiero – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: David Smolar, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Mohamed AR Soliman, MD, MSc, PhD – University of Buffalo

Presenting Author: Husain Shakil, MD, MSc (he/him/his) – University of Toronto

Co-Author: Sean Christie, MD, FRCSC – Dalhousie University

Co-Author: Nicolas Dea, MD, MSc – Vancouver General Hospital

Co-Author: Nathan Evaniew, MD, PhD – University of Calgary

Co-Author: CSORN Investigators, MD – Canadian Spine Outcomes Research Network

Co-Author: Michael Weber, MD – Division of Surgery, McGill University and Montreal General Hospital

Co-Author: Jefferson Wilson, MD, PhD – University of Toronto

Presenting Author: Amna S. Hussein, MD (she/her/hers) – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Abdullah Al-Arfaj, MD – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Ali Baaj, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Giovanni Barbagli, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Chao Li, MD – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Michael Prim, MD (he/him/his) – Banner University Medical Center

Co-Author: Diego T. Soto Rubio, MD (he/him/his) – University of Arizona, College of Medicine- Phoenix

Presenting Author: Philip K. Louie, MD – Virginia Mason Franciscan Health

Co-Author: Chad Simon, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Lauren Barber, MD – Emory University Department of Orthopaedics

Co-Author: Theodore Miller, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Jung Mok, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Ogonna Nwawka, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sheeraz Qureshi, MD, MBA – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Daniel Shinn, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sumedha Singh, MBBS, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Presenting Author: Armaan K. Malhotra, MD (he/him/his) – University of Toronto

Co-Author: Nicolas Dea, MD, MSc – Vancouver General Hospital

Co-Author: Nathan Evaniew, MD, PhD – University of Calgary

Co-Author: CSORN Investigators, MD – Canadian Spine Outcomes Research Network

Co-Author: Greg McIntosh, MSc – Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network

Co-Author: Jefferson Wilson, MD, PhD – University of Toronto

Presenting Author: Ummey Hani, MBBS – Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates

Co-Author: Byron Branch, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: steve H. Monk, MD – Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center

Co-Author: Deborah Pfortmiller, PhD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Presenting Author: Nafis B. Eghrari, n/a – Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jonathan J. Lee, MD (he/him/his) – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Luke K. O'Neill, BS – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Gabriella Paisan Paisan Williams, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Won Hyung Andrew Ryu, MD – Oregon Health & Science University

Co-Author: Maryam N. Shahin, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University

Co-Author: Jonathan Kark, MD – Oregon Health & Science University

Co-Author: Josiah N. Orina, MD – Oregon Health & Science University

Co-Author: Travis C. Philipp, MD – Oregon Health & Science University

Co-Author: Jung Yoo, MD – Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University

Presenting Author: Barry Cheaney, II, MD – Oregon Health and Science University

Presenting Author: Avinash G. Patwardhan, PhD (he/him/his) – Loyola University Chicago

Co-Author: Robert M. Havey, MS – Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital

Co-Author: Scott Hodges, MD – 3Spine

Co-Author: S. Craig Humphreys, MD – Private Practice

Co-Author: Marissa Koscielski, MS – 3Spine

Co-Author: Jason Meldau, MD – Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL

Co-Author: Muturi Muriuki, PhD – Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital

Co-Author: Steve Cho, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: S. Harrison Farber, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Luke K. O'Neill, BS – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Laura Snyder, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: James J. Zhou, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Gabriella Paisan Paisan Williams, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Brian Kelly, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Anna Sawa, PhD (she/her/hers) – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: James J. Zhou, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Kelly Jiang, n/a – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Safwan Alomari, n/a – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Meghana Bhimreddy, n/a – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Atta Boateng, n/a – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Ali Bydon, MD – Johns Hopkins University

Co-Author: Daniel Davidar, MMBS – Johns Hopkins University

Co-Author: Hendrick Francois, BS (he/him/his) – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Andrew M. Hersh, B.S. – John Hopkins Medical School

Co-Author: Sarah E. Johnson, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Kitara Smith – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Nicholas Theodore, MD, MS (he/him/his) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Carly Weber-Levine, MS (she/her/hers) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Timothy Witham, MD – Johns Hopkins University

Presenting Author: Eva Y. Liu, MD – University of Saskatchewan

Co-Author: Nathan Baron, MD – University of Saskatchewan

Co-Author: Daryl Fourney, MD, FRCSC, FACS – University of Saskatchewan

Co-Author: Amit R. Persad, MD – Stanford University School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Devender Singh, PhD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Ashley Duncan, RN – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Matthew Geck, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Cortney Matthews, BS – Dell Medical School at University of Texas at Austin Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: John Stokes, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Eeric Truumees, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Presenting Author: Nikita Lakomkin, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Michelle Clarke, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Benjamin Elder, MD, PhD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Jeremy Fogelson, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Brett Freedman, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Co-Author: William Krauss, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Michael L. Martini, MD PhD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Anthony L. Mikula, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Zach Pennington, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Zachariah Pinter, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Arjun S. Sebastian, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Presenting Author: Patrick Janeczko – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nicholas D. Cassimatis, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Ira Goldstein, MD – Hackensack University Medical Center

Co-Author: Geoffrey R. O'Malley, Jr. – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nitesh V. Patel, MD – Hackensack Meridian Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Patrick Roth, MD – Hackensack University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Nora Kim, MD – NYU

Co-Author: Mason M. Blacker, n/a – NYU Langone School of Medicine

Co-Author: Austin Feng, MD – NYU Langone

Co-Author: Darryl Lau, MD – NYU Langone

Co-Author: Christopher Livia, MD/PhD – NYU Langone

Co-Author: Karl Sangwon, n/a – NYU Langone Health

Presenting Author: James Caruso, MD (he/him/his) – UT southwestern Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Co-Author: Mazin Al Tamimi, MD – UT Southwestern

Co-Author: Ahmad K. Almekkawi, MD – Saint Luke's Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute

Co-Author: Salah G. Aoun, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Faraaz A. Azam, BS (he/him/his) – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Carlos A. Bagley, M.D MBA – Saint Luke's Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute

Co-Author: Christian Collins, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Parker Smith, BS – UT Southwestern

Co-Author: Julia Yi, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Presenting Author: Raj S. Lavadi, M.B.B.S. – University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nitin Agarwal, MD (he/him/his) – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Sarah E. Johnson, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Presenting Author: Morteza Sadeh, MD, PhD – UI Health Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Zayed Almadidy, MD – University of Illinois at Chicago

Co-Author: Mounika Bhaskara, MA (she/her/hers) – University of Illinois at Chicago

Co-Author: Sam H. Jiang, n/a (he/him/his) – University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago

Co-Author: James W. Nie (he/him/his) – The University of Illinois at Chicago

Presenting Author: Nafis B. Eghrari, n/a – Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jonathan J. Lee, MD (he/him/his) – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Luke K. O'Neill, BS – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Gabriella Paisan Paisan Williams, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: James J. Zhou, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Eunice Yang, BS (she/her/hers) – Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Avery L. Buchholz, MD, MPH – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Brandon A. Sherrod, MD – University of Utah

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Braeden C. Benedict, MS (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Kathleen Botterbush – St.Louis University

Co-Author: Madelyn Frumkin, MA – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Zoher Ghogawala, MD (he/him/his) – Lahey Hospital and Medical Center

Co-Author: Burel Goodin, PhD – Washington University

Co-Author: Jacob Greenberg, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Saad Javeed, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Muhammad Irfan Kaleem, MBBS – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Michael P. Kelly, MD – Rady Children's Hospital

Co-Author: Thomas Mroz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Center for Spine Health

Co-Author: Brian Neuman, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: Jay Piccirillo, MD – Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Co-Author: Wilson Z. Ray, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Thomas Rodebaugh, PhD – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Co-Author: Salim Yakdan, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Justin K. Zhang, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – University of Utah

Presenting Author: Katriel Lee, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Nima Alan, MD – University of San Fransisco

Co-Author: Joseph DiDomenico, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jeffrey Ehresman, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: S. Harrison Farber, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Gabriella Paisan Paisan Williams, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: James J. Zhou, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Raj S. Lavadi, M.B.B.S. – University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Co-Author: Serafettin Zenkin, MD – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: Andrew D. Legarreta, M.D. – University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Co-Author: Joseph Scott Hudson, MD (he/him/his) – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Daryl P. Fields, MD, PhD – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Nitin Agarwal, MD (he/him/his) – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Priyadarshini Mamindla, MS – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: Murat Ak, MD – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: Vishal Peddagangireddy, MS – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: Lauren Puccio, R.N., B.S.N. – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: Thomas Buell, MD (he/him/his) – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: D. Kojo Hamilton, MD – University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Co-Author: Adam S. Kanter, MD – Hoag Specialty Clinic

Co-Author: David O. Okonkwo, MD, PhD – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: Pascal Zinn, M.D., Ph.D. – University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Co-Author: Rivka Colen, MD – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: Nima Alan, MD – University of San Fransisco

Presenting Author: Roxana Beladi, DO (she/her/hers) – Ascension Providence Hospital/Michigan State University

Co-Author: Ammar Alsalahi, MD – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Gustavo Anton, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Peter Bono, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Daniel Carr, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Clifford Houseman, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Jacob Jasinski, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Prashant Kelkar, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Kristin Knickerbocker, BS (she/her/hers) – Michigan State University

Co-Author: Boyd Richards, DO – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Teck Soo, MD – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Doris Tong, MD – MSUCHM/Ascension Providence Neurosurgery

Presenting Author: Aria Nouri, MD, MSc – University of Cambridge

Co-Author: Michele Da Broi – Geneva University Hospitals

Co-Author: Granit Molliqaj – Geneva University Hospitals

Co-Author: Enrico Tessitore – Geneva University Hospitals

Presenting Author: Mohamad Bakhaidar, MD, MSc, FRCSc – Medical College of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Andrew DeGroot, BS – Medical College of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Karthik Devaraj – Medical College of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Balaji Harinathan – Medical College of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Saman Shabani, MD – Medical College of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Narayan Yoganandan – Medical College of Wisconsin

Presenting Author: Omri Maayan, BS (he/him/his) – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Troy Amen, MD MBA – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Kasra Araghi, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tomoyuki Asada, MD PhD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Ashley Yeo Eun Kim, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Maximilian Korsun, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Cole Kwas, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Francis C. Lovecchio, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Amy Lu, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Eric Mai, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Anthony Pajak, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sheeraz Qureshi, MD, MBA – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Pratyush Shahi, MBBS, MS(Ortho), AO Spine Diploma – Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata (INK)

Co-Author: Chad Simon, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Nishtha Singh, MBBS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tejas Subramanian, BE – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Olivia Tuma, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Bo Zhang, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Joshua Zhang, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Presenting Author: Eunice Yang, BS (she/her/hers) – Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University

Co-Author: Nitin Agarwal, MD (he/him/his) – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Jian Guan, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Giorgos D. Michalopoulos, MD (he/him/his) – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Jonathan R. Slotkin, MD – Geisinger Health

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Cole Kwas, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Myles R J Allen, MBChB – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tomoyuki Asada, MD PhD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Kasra Araghi, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: James Dowdell, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sravisht Iyer, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Ashley Yeo Eun Kim, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Maximilian Korsun, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Amy Lu, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Eric Mai, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sheeraz Qureshi, MD, MBA – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Chad Simon, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Nishtha Singh, MBBS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tejas Subramanian, BE – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Olivia Tuma, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Joshua Zhang, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Presenting Author: Muhammad Irfan Kaleem, MBBS – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Saad Javeed, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Braeden C. Benedict, MS (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Kathleen Botterbush – St.Louis University

Co-Author: Jacob Greenberg, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Bruce Hall, MD, PhD, MBA – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Michael P. Kelly, MD – Rady Children's Hospital

Co-Author: Camilo A. Molina, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University

Co-Author: Brian Neuman, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: John Ogunlade, DO – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Brenton Pennicooke, MD, MS – Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Jay Piccirillo, MD – Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Co-Author: Wilson Z. Ray, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Samia Saleem, BS – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Co-Author: Salim Yakdan, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Justin K. Zhang, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – University of Utah

Presenting Author: Samuel Adida, MS – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Peter Gerszten, M.D. – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Co-Author: Roberta K. Sefcik, MD, M.S.C.R. (she/her/hers) – University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Anthony Tang, BS – University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Co-Author: Suchet Taori, BA – University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Co-Author: Victoria Wong, BA – University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Co-Author: Xiaoran Zhang, MD – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery

Presenting Author: Edvin Telemi, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Presenting Author: Anneliese Rademacher – Wayne State University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Muwaffak Abdulhak, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Anisse N. Chaker, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Victor Chang, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Mokbel Chedid, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Matthew Easton, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Travis Hamilton, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Jianhui Hu, PhD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Yousif Jafar, BS – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Jared Reese, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Jason M. Schwalb, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Kevin Taliaferro, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Patrick M. Flanigan, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Brett Freedman, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Presenting Author: Sarah E. Johnson, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Konstantinos Katsos, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Nikita Lakomkin, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Giorgos D. Michalopoulos, MD (he/him/his) – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Presenting Author: Aiyush Bansal, MD – Virginia Mason Franciscan Health

Co-Author: Rakesh Kumar, MBBS – Virginia Mason Franciscan Health

Co-Author: Murad Alostaz, BS – Virginia Mason Franciscan Health

Co-Author: Anirudh Gowd, MD – Wake Forest University

Co-Author: Jean-Christophe Leveque, MD – Virginia Mason Franciscan Health

Co-Author: Philip K. Louie, MD – Virginia Mason Franciscan Health

Co-Author: Venu M. Nemani, MD, PhD – Virginia Mason Franciscan Health

Presenting Author: Parastou Fatemi, MD (she/her/hers) – Cleveland Clinic Foundation

Co-Author: Atman Desai, MD, MA, FAANS, FACS – Stanford Medicine

Co-Author: Chris Leung, BS – Stanford Healthcare

Co-Author: Nicolai Maldaner, MD – Stanford Health Care

Co-Author: Megan Tang (she/her/hers) – Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai

Co-Author: Christy Tomkins-Lane, PhD – Mount Royal University

Co-Author: Corinna Zygourakis, MD – Stanford Health Care

Presenting Author: Collin M. Labak, MD – UH CMC

Co-Author: Clinton Daniels, D.C., M.S. – VA Puget Sound Health Care System

Co-Author: Jeffrey Dusek, PhD – University Hospitals Connor Whole Health

Co-Author: Jordan Gliedt, D.C. – Medical College of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Gabriel Smith, MD – University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center

Co-Author: Robert J. Trager, D.C. – University Hospitals Connor Whole Health

Presenting Author: Tariq Z. Issa, BA – Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Co-Author: James S. Harrop, MD – Jefferson Medical College

Co-Author: Alan S. Hilibrand, MD – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Christopher Kepler, MD, MBA – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Mark Lambrechts, MD – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Yunsoo Lee, MD – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Joseph Schaefer, MD – Thomas Jefferson University

Co-Author: Gregory Schroeder, MD – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Gregory R. Toci, MD – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Alexander Vaccaro, MD, PhD, MBA – Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University

Presenting Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: joseph Abattematteo, MD, PharmD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Steve Cho, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: S. Harrison Farber, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jonathan J. Lee, MD (he/him/his) – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Luke K. O'Neill, BS – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Laura Snyder, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Gabriella Paisan Paisan Williams, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: James J. Zhou, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Cole Kwas, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Myles R J Allen, MBChB – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tomoyuki Asada, MD PhD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Kasra Araghi, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: James Dowdell, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sravisht Iyer, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Ashley Yeo Eun Kim, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Maximilian Korsun, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Amy Lu, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Eric Mai, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Sheeraz Qureshi, MD, MBA – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Chad Simon, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Nishtha Singh, MBBS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tejas Subramanian, BE – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Olivia Tuma, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Joshua Zhang, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Presenting Author: J. Alex Thomas, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Mark Freeborn, MD – Evergreen Health

Co-Author: Ray Hah, MD – Keck Medicine/USC

Presenting Author: sruti bandlamuri, MBA – Albany Medical College Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Angelica Alvarez Reyes, MD – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Travis Dumont, MD – Banner University Medical Center

Co-Author: R. John Hurlbert, MD – University of Arizona

Presenting Author: Christine Park, MD – University of Washington

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Deb A. Bhowmick, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Hospital

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Salim Yakdan, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Saad Javeed, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Braeden C. Benedict, MS (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Kathleen Botterbush – St.Louis University

Co-Author: Madelyn Frumkin, MA – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Burel Goodin, PhD – Washington University

Co-Author: Jacob Greenberg, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Angela Hardi – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Muhammad Irfan Kaleem, MBBS – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Michael P. Kelly, MD – Rady Children's Hospital

Co-Author: Brian Neuman, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: Jay Piccirillo, MD – Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Co-Author: Wilson Z. Ray, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Thomas Rodebaugh, PhD – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Samia Saleem, BS – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Co-Author: Justin K. Zhang, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – University of Utah

Presenting Author: Nikolaus Koegl, MD (he/him/his) – Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Unit at Vancouver General Hospital

Co-Author: Nicolas Dea, MD, MSc – Vancouver General Hospital

Co-Author: Nathan Evaniew, MD, PhD – University of Calgary

Co-Author: Greg McIntosh, MSc – Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network

Presenting Author: Mohamed AR Soliman, MD, MSc, PhD – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Jaims Lim, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Alexander Aguirre – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Asham Khan, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Cathleen C. Kuo, BS – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Jeffrey Mullin, MD – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Elizabeth Nyabuto, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: John Pollina, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Esteban Quiceno Restrepo, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Nicco Ruggiero – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Presenting Author: Parastou Fatemi, MD (she/her/hers) – Cleveland Clinic Foundation

Co-Author: Atman Desai, MD, MA, FAANS, FACS – Stanford Medicine

Co-Author: Aneysis D. Gonzalez-Suarez, PhD – Stanford University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nicolai Maldaner, MD – Stanford Health Care

Co-Author: Megan Tang (she/her/hers) – Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai

Co-Author: Christy Tomkins-Lane, PhD – Mount Royal University

Co-Author: Corinna Zygourakis, MD – Stanford Health Care

Presenting Author: Tarek R. Mansour, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Muwaffak Abdulhak, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Seamus Bartlett, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Ryan Berger, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Anisse N. Chaker, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Victor Chang, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Nachiket M. Deshpande, BS – Michigan State University

Co-Author: Richard Easton, MD – Beaumont Hospital

Co-Author: Travis Hamilton, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Pranish A. Kantak, MD, MPH (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Jad Khalil, MD – Beaumont Hospital

Co-Author: Hangil Lee, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: David Nerenz, PhD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Mick J. Perez-Cruet, Vice-Chairman, Professor, Director Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Spine Program – Department of Neurological Surgery Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine

Co-Author: Jared Reese, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Lonni Schultz, PhD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Jason M. Schwalb, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Kevin Taliaferro, MD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Edvin Telemi, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Presenting Author: Omar Zakieh, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Amir Abtahi, MD – Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medi

Co-Author: Mitchell Bowers, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Co-Author: Hani Chanbour, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN

Co-Author: Andrew J. croft, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Claudia Davidson, MS – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Raymond Gardocki, MD – Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medi

Co-Author: brian Hou, BS – Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Julian lugo-pico, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Hui Nian, PhD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: jacquelyn Pennings, PhD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Byron Stephens, MD – Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Mason Young, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Co-Author: Scott L. Zuckerman, MD, MPH (he/him/his) – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Nishantha M. Jayasuriya, BA – Drexel University College of Medicine

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Asimina Dominari, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Brett Freedman, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Co-Author: Sufyan Ibrahim, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Graham W. Johnson, PhD – Vanderbilt University

Co-Author: Konstantinos Katsos, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Karim R. Nathani, MBBS – Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic

Presenting Author: Noah M. Yaffe – Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Eric Herring, MD – University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center

Co-Author: Collin M. Labak, MD – UH CMC

Co-Author: Rohit Mauria, MD (he/him/his) – University Hospitals

Co-Author: Amanda Okonmah, MS – Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Mohit Patel, MD – Case Western/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center

Co-Author: Megan Sharpe, MA – Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Gabriel Smith, MD – University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center

Co-Author: Mandy Wong, MA – Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Nicholas D. Cassimatis, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: David Adams, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Shady Barsoom, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Patrick Janeczko – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Geoffrey R. O'Malley, Jr. – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nitesh V. Patel, MD – Hackensack Meridian Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Rohit P. Prem Kumar, n/a (he/him/his) – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Patrick Roth, MD – Hackensack University Medical Center

Co-Author: Francis F. Ruzicka, IV – Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Nakul Narendran – Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Co-Author: Christopher Mikhail, MD – Cedars Sinai

Co-Author: Paal Nilssen – Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Co-Author: David Skaggs, MD – Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Presenting Author: Omar Zakieh, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Amir Abtahi, MD – Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medi

Co-Author: Hani Chanbour, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN

Co-Author: Andrew J. croft, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Claudia Davidson, MS – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Raymond Gardocki, MD – Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medi

Co-Author: brian Hou, BS – Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Julian lugo-pico, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Hui Nian, PhD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: jacquelyn Pennings, PhD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Co-Author: Byron Stephens, MD – Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Co-Author: William Waddell, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Co-Author: Mason Young, MD – Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery

Co-Author: Scott L. Zuckerman, MD, MPH (he/him/his) – Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Nicco Ruggiero – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Alexander Aguirre – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Asham Khan, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Cathleen C. Kuo, BS – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: Jaims Lim, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Jeffrey Mullin, MD – University of Buffalo

Co-Author: John Pollina, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Esteban Quiceno Restrepo, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: David Smolar, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Mohamed AR Soliman, MD, MSc, PhD – University of Buffalo

Presenting Author: Nora Kim, MD – NYU

Co-Author: Zoran Budimlija, Dr. Med, PhD – NYU Langone

Co-Author: Austin Feng, MD – NYU Langone

Co-Author: Christopher Livia, MD/PhD – NYU Langone

Co-Author: Themistocles S. Protopsaltis, MD – Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health

Co-Author: Karl Sangwon, n/a – NYU Langone Health

Presenting Author: Sarah E. Johnson, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Daniel Zeitouni, MD (he/him/his) – Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Sufyan Ibrahim, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: William Chu Kwan, MD, FRCSC (he/him/his) – University of British Columbia

Co-Author: Tamir Ailon, MD, MSc, FRCSC – University of British Columbia

Co-Author: Najmedden Attabib, MD, MBBCH, FRCSC – Horizon Health Network

Co-Author: Christopher Bailey, MD, FRCSC – Western University

Co-Author: David Cadotte, MD, PhD FRCSC – University of Calgary

Co-Author: raphaele Charest-Morin, MD, FRCSC – University of British Columbia

Co-Author: Sean Christie, MD, FRCSC – Dalhousie University

Co-Author: Nicolas Dea, MD, MSc – Vancouver General Hospital

Co-Author: Nathan Evaniew, MD, PhD – University of Calgary

Co-Author: Charles Fisher, MD, MHSC, FRCSC – Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital

Co-Author: Hamilton Hall, MD, FRCSC – University of Toronto

Co-Author: Bradley Jacobs, MD, FRCSC – Calgary Spine Program and Division of Neurosurgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary

Co-Author: Greg McIntosh, MSc – Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network

Co-Author: Andrew Nataraj, MD, MSc, FRCSC – University of Alberta

Co-Author: Jérome Paquet, MD, FRCSC – Laval University

Co-Author: Philippe Phan, MD, PhD, FRCSC – Spine Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON.

Co-Author: Raja Rampersaud, MD, FRCSC – University of Toronto

Co-Author: Michael Weber, MD – Division of Surgery, McGill University and Montreal General Hospital

Co-Author: Jefferson Wilson, MD, PhD – University of Toronto

Presenting Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Eunice Yang, BS (she/her/hers) – Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University

Co-Author: Nitin Agarwal, MD (he/him/his) – University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Steven D. Glassman, MD (he/him/his) – Norton Leatherman Spine Center

Co-Author: Jian Guan, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Giorgos D. Michalopoulos, MD (he/him/his) – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Elan Schonfeld, n/a – Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Jonathan R. Slotkin, MD – Geisinger Health

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: James Kelbert, BA – University of Arizona College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Phoenix AZ

Co-Author: Abdullah Al-Arfaj, MD – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Ibrahim Alhalal, MBBS – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Ali Baaj, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Giovanni Barbagli, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Courtney Deaver, BS – University of Arizona College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Phoenix AZ

Co-Author: Nikhil Dholaria – University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix

Co-Author: Endgel Heinzmann, MS – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Amna S. Hussein, MD (she/her/hers) – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Chao Li, MD – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: JULIE MAYEKU, MD – UNIVERSITY OF AZ, PHOENIX/BANNER UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER

Co-Author: Niels Pacheco, MD – Brigham and Women Hospital

Co-Author: Annie Pico, BA (she/her/hers) – University of Arizona College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Phoenix AZ

Co-Author: Michael Prim, MD (he/him/his) – Banner University Medical Center

Co-Author: Diego T. Soto Rubio, MD (he/him/his) – University of Arizona, College of Medicine- Phoenix

Presenting Author: Diego T. Soto Rubio, MD (he/him/his) – University of Arizona, College of Medicine- Phoenix

Co-Author: Abdullah Al-Arfaj, MD – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Ibrahim Alhalal, MBBS – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Ali Baaj, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Giovanni Barbagli, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Isabel L. Bauer, BS (she/her/hers) – University of Arizona College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Phoenix AZ

Co-Author: Courtney Deaver, BS – University of Arizona College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Phoenix AZ

Co-Author: Endgel Heinzmann, MS – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Amna S. Hussein, MD (she/her/hers) – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Chao Li, MD – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: JULIE MAYEKU, MD – UNIVERSITY OF AZ, PHOENIX/BANNER UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER

Co-Author: Niels Pacheco, MD – Brigham and Women Hospital

Co-Author: Annie Pico, BA (she/her/hers) – University of Arizona College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Phoenix AZ

Co-Author: Michael Prim, MD (he/him/his) – Banner University Medical Center

Presenting Author: John A. Servider, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital

Co-Author: Raphael Davis, MD – Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine

Co-Author: Peter Gerace, BS – Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University

Co-Author: Claire Kim – Renaissance School of Medicine

Co-Author: Robert Kleyner, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University

Co-Author: Noah Lubin – Renaissance School of Medicine

Co-Author: Harry Mushlin, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University

Co-Author: Vaidehi Patel – Renaissance School of Medicine

Co-Author: Richard Rosin – Renaissance School of Medicine

Co-Author: Greg Sacks – Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Eunice Yang, BS (she/her/hers) – Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University

Co-Author: Anthony L. Asher, MD (he/him/his) – Neuroscience Institute, Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH – University of Utah

Co-Author: Avery L. Buchholz, MD, MPH – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Kevin T. Foley, MD – Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee

Co-Author: Kai-Ming Fu, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Oren Gottfried, MD (he/him/his) – Duke University

Co-Author: Regis William Haid, Jr., MD – Atlanta Brain and Spine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Paul Park, MD – Semmes Murphey Clinic

Co-Author: Eric Potts, MD – Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD – Duke University Medical Center

Co-Author: Mark Shaffrey, MD – University of Virginia

Co-Author: Brandon A. Sherrod, MD – University of Utah

Co-Author: Luis M. Tumialán, MD – Barrow Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Jay D. Turner, MD, PhD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Cheerag Upadhyaya, MD, MBA (he/him/his) – University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill

Co-Author: Michael S. Virk, MD, PhD – Weill Cornell Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Y. Wang, MD – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Mert Karabacak, MD (he/him/his) – Mount Sinai Health System

Co-Author: Konstantinos Margetis, MD, PhD – Mount Sinai Health System

Presenting Author: Parker Smith, BS – UT Southwestern

Co-Author: Omar Akbik, MD – Creighton University Medical Center

Co-Author: Salah G. Aoun, MD – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Umaru Barrie, PhD (he/him/his) – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Co-Author: Michael Farid, BSE (he/him/his) – Weill Cornell Medicine

Co-Author: Mina Guirguis, BS – UT Southwestern Medical Center

Presenting Author: Christine Park, MD – University of Washington

Co-Author: Christoph P. Hofstetter, MD, PhD – University of Washington

Co-Author: Jannik Leyendecker, MD – University of Washington

Presenting Author: Izzet Akosman, BS – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Austin Kaidi, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Gregory Kazarian, MD (he/him/his) – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Han Jo Kim, MD (he/him/his) – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Francis C. Lovecchio, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Karim Shafi, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Tejas Subramanian, BE – Hospital for Special Surgery

Presenting Author: Devender Singh, PhD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Ashley Duncan, RN – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Matthew Geck, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Cortney Matthews, BS – Dell Medical School at University of Texas at Austin Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: John Stokes, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Eeric Truumees, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Presenting Author: Neil Nazar Al-Saidi, B.S. – Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Asimina Dominari, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Ryan Nguyen, BS – Mayo clinic- rochester-mn

Presenting Author: Muhammad Irfan Kaleem, MBBS – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Saad Javeed, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis

Co-Author: Braeden C. Benedict, MS (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Kathleen Botterbush – St.Louis University

Co-Author: Madelyn Frumkin, MA – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Burel Goodin, PhD – Washington University

Co-Author: Jacob Greenberg, MD, MSCI – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Angela Hardi – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Michael P. Kelly, MD – Rady Children's Hospital

Co-Author: Brian Neuman, MD – Washington University

Co-Author: Jay Piccirillo, MD – Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Co-Author: Wilson Z. Ray, MD (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Thomas Rodebaugh, PhD – Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Co-Author: Samia Saleem, BS – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Michael P. Steinmetz, MD – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Co-Author: Salim Yakdan, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Co-Author: Justin K. Zhang, MD, MSCI (he/him/his) – University of Utah