Presenting Author: Ebtesam Abdulla, MD, MRCSI (she/her/hers) – University of Arizona

Co-Author: Ali Baaj, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Isabel L. Bauer, BS (she/her/hers) – University of Arizona College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Phoenix AZ

Co-Author: Amna S. Hussein, MD (she/her/hers) – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Monis Khan, MD – University of Arizona

Co-Author: Alexandros Moniakis, MD (he/him/his) – University of Arizona

Co-Author: Kristin Nosova, MD – Banner University Medical Center - Phoenix

Co-Author: Annie Pico, BA (she/her/hers) – University of Arizona College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Phoenix AZ

Co-Author: Michael Prim, MD (he/him/his) – Banner University Medical Center

Co-Author: Esteban Quiceno Restrepo, MD – University at Buffalo Neurosurgery

Presenting Author: Aladine A. Elsamadicy, M.D. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Samuel Craft, M.S. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Astrid C. Hengartner, B.S. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Sumaiya Sayeed, B.S. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Josiah J. Z. Sherman, B.S. – Yale School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Anthony L. Mikula, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Kingsley O. Abode-Iyamah, MD – Mayo Clinic Florida, Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Paul Anderson, MD – University of Wisconsin

Co-Author: Francis Baffour, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Benjamin Elder, MD, PhD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Megan Everson, MD – Health Partners

Co-Author: Jeremy Fogelson, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Brett Freedman, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Co-Author: Abdelrahman M. Hamouda, MBBCh – Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Kurt Kennel, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Rahul Kumar, MD, PhD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Nikita Lakomkin, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Michael L. Martini, MD PhD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Ahmad N. Nassr, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Co-Author: Zach Pennington, MD – Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery

Co-Author: Zachariah Pinter, MD – Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Arjun S. Sebastian, MD – Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Presenting Author: Adham M. Khalafallah, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami

Co-Author: Allan D. Levi, MD PhD (he/him/his) – University of Miami

Co-Author: Nadine Rady, MD – Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center

Co-Author: Efrat Saraf-Lavi, MD – Department of Radiology, University of Miami

Co-Author: Robert Starke, MD – University of Miami

Co-Author: Joseph Yunga Tigre, BA – University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Kimberly Ashayeri, MD – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Meghana Bhimreddy, n/a – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Submitter: Daniel Davidar, MMBS – Johns Hopkins University

Co-Author: Andrew M. Hersh, B.S. – John Hopkins Medical School

Co-Author: Kelly Jiang, n/a – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Max Kerensky, n/a – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Arjun K. Menta, BSA, BBA (he/him/his) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Denis Routkevitch, BS – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Nicholas Theodore, MD, MS (he/him/his) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Vikas Vattipally, BA – Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Carly Weber-Levine, MS (she/her/hers) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Austin H. Carroll, MD (he/him/his) – Medstar Georgetown Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Co-Author: Joseph Ferguson, MD – Medstar Georgetown Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery

Co-Author: Yulia Lee, BS – Georgetown University School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Isabella Churchill, MSc – Department of Undergraduate Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON

Co-Author: Eve Tsai, MD, PhD – University of Ottawa

Co-Author: Caroline Mallity, BSc – Department of Undergraduate Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON

Co-Author: T�a Sue, BMSc – Department of Undergraduate Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON

Co-Author: Khadeeja Tariq, BSc – Department of Undergraduate Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON

Co-Author: Eugene Wai, MD, MSc, CIP, FRCSC – Spine Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON.

Presenting Author: Benjamin C. Reeves, B.S. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Samuel Craft, M.S. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Michael DiLuna, M.D. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Aladine A. Elsamadicy, M.D. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Astrid C. Hengartner, B.S. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Andrew Koo, M.D. – Yale School of Medicine

Co-Author: Sina Sadeghzadeh, A.B. – Stanford University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Josiah J. Z. Sherman, B.S. – Yale School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Karim R. Nathani, MBBS – Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic

Co-Author: Mohamad Bydon, MD – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Sufyan Ibrahim, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Co-Author: Nishantha M. Jayasuriya, BA – Drexel University College of Medicine

Co-Author: Graham W. Johnson, PhD – Vanderbilt University

Co-Author: Konstantinos Katsos, MBBS – Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA

Presenting Author: Yusuf Mehkri (he/him/his) – University of Florida

Co-Author: Vyshak Chandra, MD – University of Florida

Co-Author: Julian Gendreau, MD – John Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering

Presenting Author: Michael E. Tawil, BS – University of California San Francisco

Co-Author: Vijay L. Letchuman, MD – UCSF

Co-Author: Alexander A. Aabedi, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Vardhaan S. Ambati, MS – University of California San Francisco

Co-Author: Andrew K. Chan, MD – Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Co-Author: Dean Chou, MD – Columbia University

Co-Author: Timothy Chryssikos, MD, PhD – University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Alysha Jamieson, BA – University of California San Francisco

Co-Author: Nishanth Krishnan, BS – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Vivian P. Le, MPH – University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Mohamed Macki, MD, MPH – Cleveland Clinic

Co-Author: Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA – Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Co-Author: Joshua Rivera, BA – UCSF

Co-Author: Lee Tan, MD – UCSF

Co-Author: Seth Tigchelaar, MD – UCSF

Presenting Author: David B. Kurland, MD, PHD – NYU Langone Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Daniel Alber, BA – NYU

Co-Author: Douglas Kondziolka, MD, FAANS – NYU Langone Medical Center

Co-Author: Eric Oermann, MD – NYU Langone

Presenting Author: Kelly Jiang, n/a – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Kimberly Ashayeri, MD – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Daniel Davidar, MMBS – Johns Hopkins University

Co-Author: Mari Groves, n/a – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Andrew M. Hersh, B.S. – John Hopkins Medical School

Co-Author: Max Kerensky, n/a – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Denis Routkevitch, BS – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Nicholas Theodore, MD, MS (he/him/his) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Carly Weber-Levine, MS (she/her/hers) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Johan H. Lee, BS (he/him/his) – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Jaes C. Jones, MD, MS – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Jacob R. Joseph, MD – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Daniel S. Lee, BS – University of Michigan

Presenting Author: Nicholas D. Cassimatis, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Mohammed F. Khan, PhD – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Geoffrey R. O'Malley, Jr. – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Patrick Roth, MD – Hackensack University Medical Center

Co-Author: Roy Vingan, MD – NJ Brain and Spine

Co-Author: Katlyn Voity – Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Anneliese Rademacher – Wayne State University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Matthew T. Brennan, BS (he/him/his) – Wayne State University

Co-Author: Anisse N. Chaker, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Victor Chang, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Jianhui Hu, PhD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Enoch Kim, BS – Wayne State University

Co-Author: Tarek R. Mansour, MD (he/him/his) – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Michael Melhem, BS – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Lonni Schultz, PhD – Henry Ford Hospital

Co-Author: Edvin Telemi, MD – Henry Ford Health System, Department of Neurological Surgery

Presenting Author: John Arena, MD – University of Pennsylvania

Co-Author: Mert Marcel Dagli, MD (he/him/his) – University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Co-Author: Yohannes Ghenbot, MD – University of Pennsylvania

Co-Author: Jaskeerat Gujral, n/a – University of Pennsylvania

Co-Author: Kashish Malhotra, MBBS – Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK

Co-Author: Felix Conrad Oettl, MD – Hospital for Special Surgery

Co-Author: Ali Ozturk, MD – University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Co-Author: Gabrielle Santangelo, MD – University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Co-Author: Connor Wathen, MD – University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Co-Author: William Welch, MD – University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Co-Author: Jang W. Yoon, MD – University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Katriel Lee, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: joseph Abattematteo, MD, PharmD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Nima Alan, MD – University of San Fransisco

Co-Author: Gabriel Arguelles, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Nikhil Dholaria – University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix

Co-Author: S. Harrison Farber, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan Pedro Pedro Giraldo, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan Pablo Leal Isaza, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Mark Pacult, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Gabriella Paisan Paisan Williams, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Nicholas M. Rabah, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: Juan S. Uribe, MD – Barrow Neurological Insitute

Co-Author: Michael D. White, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Co-Author: James J. Zhou, MD – Barrow Neurological Institute

Presenting Author: Tejas Karnati, MD – University of California, Davis

Co-Author: Arash Ghaffari Rafi, MD, MSc – University of California, Davis

Co-Author: Dylan Goodrich, MD – University of California, Davis

Co-Author: Kee D. Kim, MD – University of California, Davis

Co-Author: Charles Lee, PhD – University of California, Davis

Presenting Author: Brian Kuhn, MD, RPVI (he/him/his) – TriHealth/Good Samaritan Hospital

Co-Author: Mark Broering, MD – TriHealth

Co-Author: Joel Hlavaty, MD – TriHealth

Co-Author: Aaron Kulwicki, MD – TriHealth

Co-Author: Patrick Muck, MD – TriHealth

Co-Author: Matthew Recht, MD – TriHealth

Co-Author: Adam Reichard, MD – TriHealth

Presenting Author: Nakul Narendran – Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Co-Author: Paal Nilssen – Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Co-Author: David Skaggs, MD – Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Co-Author: Corey T. Walker, MD (he/him/his) – Cedars Sinai

Presenting Author: Joseph Yunga Tigre, BA – University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Co-Author: Katherine Berry, MD – University of Miami

Co-Author: Stephen Burks, MD (he/him/his) – University of Miami Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Andrew J. Kloehn, MS – University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Co-Author: Allan D. Levi, MD PhD (he/him/his) – University of Miami

Co-Author: Victor M. Lu, MD, PhD – University of Miami

Co-Author: Krisna S. Maddy, BA (she/her/hers) – University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Co-Author: Aiko Puerto, AS – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Ibrahim Hussain, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College

Co-Author: Roger Hartl, MD – Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital - Och Spine

Co-Author: Timothy O'Connor, MD – Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Baptist Health, Boca Raton, FL, USA

Co-Author: John Pan, MD, MBA – Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Sudesh Srivastav, PhD – Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

Co-Author: Thomas Voegeli, MD – Kaiser Permanente

Presenting Author: Kai Nguyen, BS – Loma Linda University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Zachary Brandt, BS – Loma Linda University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Patricia Carlson, BS – Loma Linda University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Wayne Cheng, MD – Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Hospital

Co-Author: Olumide Danisa, MD – Department of Orthopedics, Loma Linda University

Co-Author: Jacob Razzouk, BS – Loma Linda University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Ethan Vyhmeister, BS – Loma Linda University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nathaniel Wycliffe, MD – Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University

Presenting Author: Sameer Khawaja, BS – Emory University Department of Orthopaedics

Co-Author: Eli Garrard, MD – Emory University Department of Orthopaedics

Co-Author: Wesley Manz, MD – Emory University Department of Orthopaedics

Co-Author: John Rhee, MD – Emory University Department of Orthopaedics

Co-Author: Corey Spencer, MD – Emory University Department of Orthopaedics

Presenting Author: Amir Vokshoor, MD, FAANS – Neurosurgery and Spine Group

Co-Author: Ilyas Aleem, MD – University of Michigan

Co-Author: Andrew Beaumont, MD, PhD – Aspirus Health

Co-Author: Peter Campbell, MD – Spine Institute of Lousianna

Co-Author: Domagoj Coric, MD – Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates

Co-Author: Hamid Hassanzadeh, MD – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Todd Lansford, MD – South Carolina Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center

Co-Author: Kristen Radcliff, MD – Spine DISC Center

Co-Author: Marc Weinstein, MD – Florida Orthopaedic Institute

Co-Author: Joshua Wind, MD, FAANS, FACS – George Washington University

Presenting Author: Ryan Khanna, MD, MBA – Scripps

Co-Author: James Bruffey, MD – Scripps

Co-Author: Robert K. Eastlack, MD – Scripps Clinic

Co-Author: Hani Malone, MD – Scripps

Co-Author: Gregory M. Mundis, Jr., MD (he/him/his) – San Diego Spine

Co-Author: Cameron Shirazi, MD – San Diego Spine Foundation

Presenting Author: JULIE MAYEKU, MD – UNIVERSITY OF AZ, PHOENIX/BANNER UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER

Co-Author: Ali Baaj, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Giovanni Barbagli, MD – Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix

Co-Author: Michael Prim, MD (he/him/his) – Banner University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Landon S. Ashby, n/a – Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School

Co-Author: Matthew Geck, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Nicolas K. Goff – Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School

Co-Author: Justin Jensen, n/a – Division of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School

Co-Author: Devender Singh, PhD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: John Stokes, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Eeric Truumees, MD – Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis

Co-Author: Imelda Vetter – Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin

Presenting Author: Jay I. Kumar, MD, MBA – University of South Florida

Co-Author: Adolfo Viloria Hidalgo, MD (he/him/his) – Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida

Co-Author: Puya Alikhani, MD, FAANS – Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida

Co-Author: Leila Azari, n/a – University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Co-Author: John Kim, n/a – University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Co-Author: Jose Orenday, MD – University of Minnesota

Presenting Author: Joseph Yunga Tigre, BA – University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Co-Author: Stephen Burks, MD (he/him/his) – University of Miami Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Patricia Graham, MS – University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Co-Author: James D. Guest, MD, PhD – University of Miami

Co-Author: George Jimshelishvili, MD – University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Co-Author: Allan D. Levi, MD PhD (he/him/his) – University of Miami

Presenting Author: Scott Robertson, MD, FACS, FAANS (he/him/his) – Quincy Medical Group

Co-Author: Mason Ashley – University of South Florida

Co-Author: Christine Kamm – University of South Florida

Presenting Author: Rohit P. Prem Kumar, n/a (he/him/his) – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nicholas D. Cassimatis, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: David Adams, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Patrick Janeczko – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Geoffrey R. O'Malley, Jr. – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nitesh V. Patel, MD – Hackensack Meridian Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Patrick Roth, MD – Hackensack University Medical Center

Co-Author: Francis F. Ruzicka, IV – Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Francis F. Ruzicka, IV – Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nicholas D. Cassimatis, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: David Adams, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Shady Barsoom, n/a – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Patrick Janeczko – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: John Knightly, MD, FAANS (he/him/his) – AANS

Co-Author: Scott Meyer, MD (he/him/his) – Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists

Co-Author: Geoffrey R. O'Malley, Jr. – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Nitesh V. Patel, MD – Hackensack Meridian Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery

Co-Author: Rohit P. Prem Kumar, n/a (he/him/his) – Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine

Co-Author: Patrick Roth, MD – Hackensack University Medical Center

Presenting Author: Carly Weber-Levine, MS (she/her/hers) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Kimberly Ashayeri, MD – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Daniel Davidar, MMBS – Johns Hopkins University

Co-Author: Mari Groves, n/a – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Andrew M. Hersh, B.S. – John Hopkins Medical School

Co-Author: Khalil Husari, MD – Johns Hopkins University

Co-Author: Kelly Jiang, n/a – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Co-Author: Max Kerensky, n/a – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Denis Routkevitch, BS – Johns Hopkins

Co-Author: Nicholas Theodore, MD, MS (he/him/his) – Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Presenting Author: Rohin Singh, MD – University of Rochester Medical Center

Co-Author: Jagroop Doad, BS – Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine

Co-Author: Anjali Gupta, BS – Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine

Co-Author: Nithin Gupta, BS (he/him/his) – Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine

Co-Author: Catherine Jay, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center

Co-Author: Adam Li, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center

Co-Author: Melissa LoPresti, MD, MPH – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center

Co-Author: Howard Silberstein, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center

Co-Author: Catherine Wassef, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center

Co-Author: Racquel Whyte, MD – Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center

Presenting Author: Riana Lo Bu, MS – Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Co-Author: Rose Fluss, n/a – Department of Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

Co-Author: Rafael De la Garza, MD, MS – Montefiore Medical Center

Co-Author: Yaroslav Gelfand, MD – Montefiore Medical Center Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Saikiran Murthy, MD – Montefiore Medical Center Department of Neurological Surgery

Co-Author: Reza Yassari, MD – Department of Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA